Festuca

Festuce (Festuca) is a genus of about 300 species of perennial tufted grasses, belonging to the grass family Poaceae (subfamily Pooideae). The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, although the majority of the species are found in cool temperate areas.^[1] The genus is closely related to ryegrass (Lolium), and recent evidence from phylogenetic studies using DNA sequencing of plant mitochondrial DNA shows that the genus lacks monophyly. As a result plant taxonomists have placed several species, including the forage grasses, tall fescue and meadow fescue, formerly belonging to the genus Festuca into the genus Lolium.^[2]

Fescues range from small grasses only 10 cm tall or less with very fine thread-like leaves less than 1 mm wide, to tall grasses up to 2 m tall with large leaves up to 60 cm (2 ft) long and 2 cm (3/4 in.) broad.

Fescue pollen is a significant contributor to hay fever.

Contents 1 Uses 2 Species 2.1 Subgenus Schedonorus 3 Popular culture 4 References 5 External links

Uses

The fescues contain some species which are important grasses for both lawns^[3] (particularly the fine-leaved species, highly valued for bowling greens) and as pasture and hay for livestock, being a highly nutritious stock feed. Fescues are also quite common on golf courses of the coastal U.S. and the U.K., usually beyond the second cut in the rough. They are also used in soil erosion control programs, most notably tall fescue, one cultivar of which, Kentucky 31 (Festuca arundinacea), was used in land reclamation during the dust bowl period in the 1930s in the US.^[4]

Fescue is sometimes used as feed for horses. However, fescue poisoning, which results from ergot alkaloids produced by an endophytic fungus, is a risk for pregnant mares.^[5] Occurring in the last three months of pregnancy, fescue poisoning increases the risk of spontaneous abortion, stillbirths, retained placenta, absent milk production, and prolonged pregnancy. Fescue Toxicosis of livestock can require a farmer to seek costly treatment for his animals. ^[6] Incorporating legumes into the fescue can be a way to increase livestock gains and conception rates, even if the fescue is infected.^[7]

Species

Festuca altaica — Northern Rough Fescue Festuca alpina — Alpine Fescue Festuca altissima — Wood Fescue Festuca amethystina — Tufted Fescue Festuca amplissima Festuca arizonica — Arizona Fescue Festuca arvernensis Festuca caesia — Blue Fescue Festuca californica — California Fescue Festuca cinerea — Elijah Blue Fescue Festuca contracta — Tufted Fescue Festuca diffusa — Northern Fescue Festuca donax Festuca elegans Festuca elmeri — Coast Fescue Festuca eskia Festuca gautieri Festuca gigantea - Giant Fescue Festuca glacialis Festuca glauca — Grey Fescue Festuca heterophylla — Various-leaved Fescue Festuca hallii — Plains Rough Fescue Festuca idahoensis — Idaho Fescue Festuca jubata Festuca juncifolia — Rush-leaved Fescue Festuca mairei — Atlas Fescue

Festuca matthewsii — Alpine Fescue Tussock Festuca nigrescens — Alpine Chewing's Fescue Festuca novae-zealandiae — Fescue Tussock Festuca occidentalis - Western Fescue Festuca ovina — Sheep's Fescue Festuca paniculata — East Alpine Violet Fescue Festuca picturata Festuca pilgeri Festuca polesica Festuca pseudodura Festuca punctoria Festuca pyrenaica Festuca quadriflora Festuca richardsonii — Arctic Fescue Festuca rubra — Red Fescue.[8] Festuca rubra subsp. commutata — Chewing's Fescue Festuca rupicola Festuca sativa Festuca scabrella - Rough Fescue Festuca subulata - Bearded Fescue Festuca subulifolia - Crinkleawn Fescue Festuca supina - Tufted Fescue Festuca tenuifolia — Fine-leaved Sheep's Fescue Festuca thurberi Festuca viridula - Green Fescue Festuca vivipara — Viviparous Fescue

Subgenus Schedonorus

Proposed for inclusion in genus Lolium

• Festuca arundinacea (syn. Festuca elatior, Lolium arundinaceum) — Tall Fescue
• Festuca gigantea (Lolium giganteum) — Giant Fescue
• Festuca mazzettiana (Lolium mazzettianum)
• Festuca pratensis (Lolium pratensis) — Meadow Fescue

Popular culture

In a 2011 ESPN College GameDay television commercial, Lee Corso eats fescue grass after coach Les Miles tells Chris Fowler and Kirk Herbstreit that he eats the grass of every field he plays on because it makes him "one with the field."^[9]

References

1. ^ Tall Fescue Grasses & Fine Fescues
2. ^ Darbyshire, S J (1993). "Realignment of Festuca subgenus Schedonorus with the genus Lolium (Poaceae)". Novon 3: 239–243. doi:10.2307/3391460. 
3. ^ Ianniello, Daniel. "Information for Growing a Nice, Green Richmond Lawn". Information for Growing a Nice, Green Richmond Lawn. http://www.omlawncare.com/careguide.html. Retrieved 24 February 2011. 
4. ^ Schardl C L, Leuchtmann L (2005). The Fungal Community: Its Organization and Role in the Ecosystem, Third Edition, ed. J Dighton, J F White Jr., P Oudemans. ed. The Epichloë Endophytes of Grasses and the Symbiotic Continuum. CRC Press. pp. 475–503. ISBN 0824723554. 
5. ^ "Tall Fescue". Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine. April 13, 2008 (archived). Archived from the original on 2008-04-13. http://web.archive.org/web/20080413022101/http://www.vet.purdue.edu/depts/addl/toxic/plant15.htm. 
6. ^ "Cornell University Department of Animal Science". Treatment of Fescue Toxicity. Cornell University. http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/toxicagents/fesalk.html#treat. 
7. ^ Fescue Toxicosis
8. ^ BSBI Description retrieved 2010-11-16.
9. ^ http://www.sportsgeekery.com/15173/lee-corso-eats-grass-espn-college-gameday-commercial/

External links

Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Fescue.

• How to Select Grass Seed Information and Tips from Greenview
• University of Arizona Extension Service, flora and fauna image gallery